In addition, according to Peter Damian, the Byzantine princess Maria Argyropoulina brought some golden forks to Venice, when she married Giovanni Orseolo, the son of the Doge Pietro II Orseolo in 1004. Ĭhronographers mention the astonishment that the Byzantine princess Theophanu caused to the westerners, because she was using a fork instead of her hands when she was eating (she moved to the west because she married the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II). By the 10th century, the table fork was in common use throughout the Middle East. Records show that by the 9th century in some elite circles of Persia a similar utensil known as a barjyn was in limited use. Use varied according to local customs, social class, and the type of food, but in earlier periods forks were mostly used as cooking and serving utensils.Īlthough its origin may go back to Ancient Greece, the personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine) Empire, where they were in common use by the 4th century. In the Roman Empire, bronze and silver forks were used, many surviving examples of which are displayed in museums around Europe. In Ancient Egypt, large forks were used as cooking utensils. Similar forks have also been depicted on top of a stove in a scene at another Eastern Han tomb (in Suide County, Shaanxi). A stone carving from an Eastern Han tomb (in Ta-kua-liang, Suide County, Shaanxi) depicts three hanging two-pronged forks in a dining scene. 1050 BC), as well as later Chinese dynasties. Bronze forks made in Persia during the 8th or 9th century.īone forks have been found in archaeological sites of the Bronze Age Qijia culture (2400–1900 BC), the Shang dynasty (c.
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